Affiliations: [a] Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, NJ, USA | [b] Kessler Sports Institute, NJ, USA | [c] Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, NJ, USA | [d] Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, USA
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Gerard A. Malanga, MD, Director, Spine and Occupational Medicine, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA. Tel.: +1 973 243 6922; Fax: +1 973 243 6861.
Abstract: The shoulder is a complex joint with a great amount of freedom, therefore, lacking stability. The shoulder's normal anatomy, including bony architecture, static and dynamic stabilizers, and its prime movers are reviewed. The shoulder's normal motion, from both the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints, are discussed. Rotator cuff and labral pathology as well as instability and their reasons for development are addressed. The five phases of a shoulder rehabilitation program are discussed in depth.
