Affiliations: [a] Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author: Nguyen Ngoc Minh, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. Tel.: +81 42 677 2711; Fax: +81 42 677 2711; E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: BACKGROUND:The gallbladder filling and emptying cycle controls bile flow into the duodenum. Disruption of this emptying and refilling cycle leads to bile stasis and subsequent gallstone formation. The bile flow rate is inversely proportional to its viscosity. Moreover, bile is a complex material with varying density in different people because of its diverse components. These density changes alter the viscosity. Prediction of shear viscosity from density measurements may thus contribute to medical assessment and treatment of the patient. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between the shear viscosity and density of bile. METHODS:Natural and filtered bile samples were prepared for density, viscosity and pressure drop measurements. The density and shear viscosity were measured by a density meter and viscometer, respectively, and a relationship was established between them. Measurements of the pressure drop in a glass tube were used to estimate the apparent viscosity and compared with shear viscosity obtained with the viscometer. RESULTS:The natural bile with higher density showed a greater shear viscosity than the filtered bile, especially at low shear rates. Bile viscosity was proportional to density. In addition, the pressure drop of the natural samples was greater than that of the filtered sample. The viscosity measured by the viscometer deviated from the results obtained using Poiseuille’s law and the tube pressure drop measurements. The density difference between the natural and filtered bile samples was smaller than 1%. However, the viscosities of the natural and filtered bile samples varied by up to >30%. CONCLUSIONS:Porcine bile viscosity is proportional to density. Based on the bile density, one can easily evaluate the shear viscosity using a linear relationship. The density considerably influences the bile viscosity, with small density increases greatly increasing the shear viscosity.
