A hybrid model for the classification of Autism Spectrum Disorder using Mu rhythm in EEG

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Radhakrishnan, Menaka^{a; *} | Ramamurthy, Karthik^a | Shanmugam, Saranya^b | Prasanna, Gaurav^b | S, Vignesh^b | Y, Surya^b | Won, Daehan^c

Affiliations: [a] Centre for Cyber Physical Systems, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India | [b] School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India | [c] Department of System Science and Industrial Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author: Menaka Radhakrishnan, Centre for Cyber-Physical Systems (CCPS), Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition with social interaction, communication, and behavioral difficulties. Diagnostic methods mostly rely on subjective evaluations and can lack objectivity. In this research Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques are used to enhance ASD classification. OBJECTIVE: This study focuses on improving ASD and TD classification accuracy with a minimal number of EEG channels. ML and DL models are used with EEG data, including Mu Rhythm from the Sensory Motor Cortex (SMC) for classification. METHODS: Non-linear features in time and frequency domains are extracted and ML models are applied for classification. The EEG 1D data is transformed into images using Independent Component Analysis-Second Order Blind Identification (ICA-SOBI), Spectrogram, and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). RESULTS: Stacking Classifier employed with non-linear features yields precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy rates of 78%, 79%, 78%, and 78% respectively. Including entropy and fuzzy entropy features further improves accuracy to 81.4%. In addition, DL models, employing SOBI, CWT, and spectrogram plots, achieve precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy of 75%, 75%, 74%, and 75% respectively. The hybrid model, which combined deep learning features from spectrogram and CWT with machine learning, exhibits prominent improvement, attained precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy of 94%, 94%, 94%, and 94% respectively. Incorporating entropy and fuzzy entropy features further improved the accuracy to 96.9%. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the potential of ML and DL techniques in improving the classification of ASD and TD individuals, particularly when utilizing a minimal set of EEG channels.

Keywords: Independent component analysis – Second Order Blind Identification (ICA – SOBI), Continuous Wavelet transform (CWT), stacking classifier, hybrid model, spectrogram, electroencephalogram

DOI: 10.3233/THC-240644

Journal: Technology and Health Care, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 4485-4503, 2024