Abstract: This study offers a comprehensive examination of economic growth and convergence in the Indian States and Union Territories (U.T.) over the period from 1991 to 2020. It investigates absolute, sigma, and conditional convergence within this diverse set of states and utilizes the augmented Solow and extended Solow models to explore conditional convergence dynamics. The empirical findings reveal several significant insights. First, there is no substantial negative correlation between the initial per capita GDP ratio and the average annual growth rate, indicating the absence of absolute convergence across the Indian States and U.T. economies during the study period. These results align with those obtained from sigma convergence analysis, reinforcing the absence of widespread convergence. However, conditional convergence is observed, as evidenced by the rate of conditional convergence (coefficient of initial GDP per capita) estimated at 0.038 among the Indian States and U.T. The presence of conditional convergence implies that while initial conditions matter, other factors, including physical and human capital, population growth, and additional variables, significantly contribute to the growth and convergence of Indian regions. The study concludes that policies aimed at promoting economic growth in the Indian States should prioritize the expansion of the labor force, investments in physical and human capital, and prudent government consumption. Furthermore, fostering an environment that encourages access to new technologies and ideas, maintaining sound macroeconomic management, and increasing investments in human capital formation are essential for sustained growth. Effective resource allocation through prudent budgetary policies and heightened investments in the health sector are recommended. Incentives to reduce fertility rates and adept monetary policy management are also identified as crucial elements for ensuring stability and sustainable growth. In summary, this research underscores the importance of adopting a holistic approach to foster economic growth and convergence in the Indian States. The suggested policy measures create a conducive environment for sustained development and prosperity in this diverse and dynamic region.
