Article type: Research Article
Authors: Krishnamoorthy, Malini; | Gerwe, Brian
A.; | Heimburg-Molinaro, Jamie | Nash, Rachel
J.; | Arumugham, Jagan | Eilertson, Carmen D. | Stice, Steven L. | Nash, Rodney J.;
Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School
of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA | Jeevan Biosciences, Dunwoody, GA, USA | Department of Biochemistry, The University of Georgia,
Athens, GA, USA | Macromolecular Therapeutics Development Facility,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA | Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA | Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education,
Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA | Department of Biology, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, GA, USA | Regenerative Bioscience Center, The University of
Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Note: [] Correspondence: Rodney J. Nash, PhD, Jeevan Biosciences, INC.
4722 Kings Down RD, Dunwoody, GA 30338, USA. Tel.: +1 404 316 3046; Fax: +1 404
591 5174; E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Ethanol consumption during pregnancy has been shown to promote
abnormal development in offspring. These abnormalities include microcephaly,
growth retardation, neurological deficits and behavioral and cognitive
deficiencies. Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are crucial for cell
cycle progression, proliferation and differentiation of various cell types. The
purpose of our study was to better understand the effects of ethanol on
proliferation during early human development by using three human embryonic
stem cell (hESC) lines. We found that treatment of ethanol at low doses (20 mM;
four days) increased cell proliferation. The expression of key cell cycle
regulators, CDKN2B (p15) and CDKN2A (p16) increased in two hESC lines, while
CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN1B (p27) gene expression decreased in all cell lines.
Western analysis showed a decrease in CDKN2B (p15) and CDKN2A (p16), while
CDKN1A (p21) increased and CDKN1B (p27) remained unchanged. The changes in
proliferation, gene expression, and protein synthesis suggest that ethanol can
have a significant effect on cellular development at an early stage of human
development. The correlation of our findings to in vivo conditions
remains speculative, but the differential expression of regulators of the cell
cycle may be involved in the manifestation of the many phenotypes seen in Fetal
Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).
Keywords: Human embryonic stem cell, proliferation, cell cycle proteins, ethanol, gene expression
DOI: 10.3233/JPB-2010-0026
Journal: Journal of Pediatric Biochemistry, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 201-208, 2010/2011
Received 21 May 2010
|
Accepted 5 August 2010
|
Published: 2010/2011