Affiliations: [a] Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| [b] Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| [c] Centro de Investigación en Red-Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| [d] Radiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Jaime Kulisevsky, MD, PhD, Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas 90, 08041, Barcelona, Spain. Tel.: +34 93 5565986; E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract: Background:Apathy represents a core neuropsychiatric symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). As there is currently no established effective treatment for apathy in PD, further investigating the biological origin of this symptom is needed to design novel therapeutic strategies. Among the multiple neurotransmitter alterations that have been associated with apathy, the involvement of extra-striatal dopaminergic degeneration remains to be fully explored. Objective:To investigate whether apathy in PD reflects increased dopaminergic degeneration extending beyond striatal regions. Methods:In the de novo PD cohort of the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), we performed whole-brain I123-Ioflupane Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (DAT-SPECT) analyses to characterize cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in DAT uptake associated with the presence of apathy. We also assessed the relationship between apathy and cognition in this sample, as apathy has been suggested to herald cognitive decline. Results:Apathetic PD patients (N = 70) had similar sociodemographic, clinical, and biomarker profiles compared to the non-apathetic group (N = 333) at baseline. However, apathy was associated with an increased risk of developing cognitive impairment after a four-year follow-up period (p = 0.006). Compared to non-apathetic patients, apathetic patients showed a widespread reduction of extra-striatal DAT uptake at baseline as well as an increased longitudinal loss of DAT uptake (corrected p < 0.05). Conclusions:Isolated apathy in PD is associated with extra-striatal dopaminergic degeneration. As this abnormal dopamine depletion was in turn related to cognitive performance, this might explain, at least partially, the increased risk of apathetic PD patients to develop cognitive impairment or dementia.
