Affiliations: [a] Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| [b] Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| [c] Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Matthew Petrucci, Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Center for Academic Medicine, Neurology MC 5235, 453 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract: Background:An external cue can markedly improve gait initiation in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is often used to overcome freezing of gait (FOG). It is unknown if the effects of external cueing are comparable if the imperative stimulus is triggered by the person receiving the cue (self-triggered) or an external source. Objective:Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of self- versus externally triggered cueing on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) during gait initiation in people with PD. Methods:In experiment 1, 10 individuals with PD and FOG initiated gait without a cue or in response to a stimulus triggered by the experimenter or by the participant. Experiment 2 compared self- versus externally triggered cueing across three groups: healthy young adults (n = 16), healthy older adults (n = 11), and a group with PD (n = 10). Results:Experiment 1: Externally triggered cues significantly increased APA magnitudes compared to uncued stepping, but not when the same cue was self-triggered. Experiment 2: APAs were not significantly improved with a self-triggered cue compared to un-cued stepping in both the PD and healthy older adult groups, but the young adults showed a significant facilitation of APA magnitude. Conclusion:The effectiveness of an external cue on gait initiation in people with PD and older adults is critically dependent upon whether the source of the trigger is endogenous (self-produced) or exogenous (externally-generated). These results may explain why cueing interventions that rely upon self-triggering of the stimulus are often ineffective in people with PD.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, cueing, aging, gait initiation, freezing of gait
