Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer’s Disease Trials

Issue title: Therapeutic Trials in Alzheimer’s Disease: Where Are We Now?

Guest editors: Paula I. Moreira, Jesus Avila, Daniela Galimberti, Miguel A. Pappolla, Germán Plascencia-Villa, Aaron A. Sorensen, Xiongwei Zhu and George Perry

Article type: Review Article

Authors: Benussi, Alberto^{a; b} | Borroni, Barbara^{a; b; *}

Affiliations: [a] Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy | [b] Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Correspondence: [*] Correspondence to: Barbara Borroni, MD, Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1 - 25123 Brescia, Italy. Tel.: +39 0303995632; E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continues to lack definitive curative therapies, necessitating an urgent exploration of innovative approaches. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent clinical trials focusing on invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques as potential interventions for AD. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) are evaluated for their therapeutic efficacy, safety, and applicability. DBS, though invasive, has shown promising results in mitigating cognitive decline, but concerns over surgical risks and long-term effects persist. On the other hand, non-invasive methods like rTMS, tDCS, and tACS have demonstrated potential in enhancing cognitive performance and delaying disease progression, with minimal side effects, but with varied consistency. The evidence hints towards an individualized, patient-centric approach to brain stimulation, considering factors such as disease stage, genetic traits, and stimulation parameters. The review also highlights emerging technologies and potential future directions, emphasizing the need for larger, multi-center trials to confirm preliminary findings and establish robust clinical guidelines. In conclusion, while brain stimulation techniques present a promising avenue in AD therapy, further research is imperative for more comprehensive understanding and successful clinical implementation. Through this review, we aim to catalyze the scientific discourse and stimulate further investigation into these novel interventions for AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, brain stimulation, deep brain stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-230535

Journal: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 101, no. s1, pp. S545-S565, 2024