Robust Watermarking based on Subsampling and Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Lu, Wei^; | Lu, Hongtao

Affiliations: Department of Computer Science and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Information Security Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China | Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents a novel robust digital image watermarking scheme using subsampling and nonnegative matrix factorization. Firstly, subsampling is used to construct a subimage sequence. Then, based on the column similarity of the subimage sequence, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is applied to decompose the sequence. A Gaussian pseudo-random watermark sequence is embedded in the factorized decomposition coefficients. Because of the high similarity of subimages and meaningful factorization for NMF, the proposed scheme can achieve good robustness, especially to common permutation attacks. Numerical experiment results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed scheme.

Keywords: watermarking, nonnegative matrix factorization, DWT

Journal: Informatica, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 555-566, 2008