Journal of Alzheimer's Disease - Volume 47, issue 3

Authors: Cho, Sun-Jung | Yun, Sang-Moon | Lee, Dae-hoon | Jo, Chulman | Ho Park, Moon | Han, Changsu | Ho Koh, Young

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. The accumulation of amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins is the major pathogenic event of AD. There is accumulating evidence that both tau and amyloid-β linked to the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), which is increased in the brain of AD model mouse. The present study focused on the determination of SUMO1 protein level in AD blood plasma by the ELISA methods. We compared plasma from 80 dementia patients (average age 75.3 y), 89 persons with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (average age 73.71 y),and 133 cognitively normal controls …(average age 71.97 y). The plasma level of SUMO1 was significantly increased in dementia patients, as compared to control groups. The levels of SUMO1 correlated to decreased Mini-Mental State Examination (r  =−0.123, p  = 0.029). These results suggest that elevated plasma SUMO1 levels may be associated with AD. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, biomarker, plasma, SUMO1

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150103

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 639-643, 2015

Authors: Tang, Xiaoying | Holland, Dominic | Dale, Anders M. | Miller, Michael I. | for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper examines how age intervenes in the effects of APOE ɛ 4 allele on the volume and shape morphometrics of the hippocampus and the amygdala in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease. We evaluate the structural morphological differences between ɛ 4 carriers and non-carriers in two age-dependent subgroups; younger than 75 years (Young-Old) and older than 80 years (Very-Old). While we show that the four structures of interest atrophy significantly in the ɛ 4 carriers, relative to the non-carriers, of the Young-Old group, this effect is not observed in their Very-Old counterparts. The structures in the right hemisphere …are found to be more affected by the APOE genotype than those in the left hemisphere and we identify the relevant regions in which significant atrophy occurs to be parts of the basolateral, centromedial, and lateral nucleus subregions of the amygdala and the CA1 and subiculum subregions of the hippocampus. We also observe that the APOE genotype only affects MCI patients that deteriorated to dementia within 3 years while leaving their “non-converting” counterparts unaffected. Show more

Keywords: Age intervention, Alzheimer’s disease, amygdala, apolipoprotein E, conversion, hippocampus, mild cognitive impairment, shape morphometrics

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150262

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 645-660, 2015

Authors: Farid, Karim | Carter, Stephen F. | Rodriguez-Vieitez, Elena | Almkvist, Ove | Andersen, Pia | Wall, Anders | Blennow, Kaj | Portelius, Erik | Zetterberg, Henrik | Nordberg, Agneta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal disease of unknown origin, affects motor neurons in the primary motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Cognitive impairment may occur before the motor symptoms. We present a patient who was initially diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but who developed ALS-like symptoms during follow-up and died shortly thereafter. A 60-year-old subject with cognitive impairment underwent neuropsychological testing, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, structural imaging (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) and functional imaging [11 C]-Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) positron emission tomography (PET), [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, and [11 C]-deuterium-L-deprenyl (DED) …PET. Neuropsychological testing showed episodic memory impairment. CSF P-tau and T-tau levels were elevated. CSF amyloid-β (Aβ)42 levels were initially normal but became pathological during follow-up. MCI was diagnosed. [18 F]-FDG PET showed hypometabolism in the left temporal and prefrontal cortices and [11 C]-PIB PET demonstrated amyloid plaque deposition in the prefrontal, posterior cingulate, and parietal cortices. [11 C]-DED PET showed high brain accumulation consistent with astrocytosis. The memory impairment progressed and AD was diagnosed. Motor impairments developed subsequently and, following additional neurological evaluation, ALS was diagnosed. The disease progressed rapidly and the patient died with pronounced motor symptoms three years after the initial cognitive assessment. Since relatives refused autopsy, postmortem analysis was not possible. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, [11C]-deprenyl, [11C]-PIB, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, [18F]-FDG, frontotemporal dementia, PET imaging, magnetic resonance imaging

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-141965

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 661-667, 2015

Authors: Saleem, Mahwesh | Herrmann, Nathan | Swardfager, Walter | Eisen, Rebecca | Lanctôt, Krista L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Reports of elevated inflammatory markers in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) suggest that inflammation may be a potential early marker of the neurodegenerative cascade associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of this study was to quantitatively summarize the data on peripheral blood concentrations of inflammatory factors in patients with MCI compared to controls. Mean (±SD) blood concentrations of inflammatory factors for MCI and control subjects were extracted from original English language peer-reviewed studies for meta-analysis. Twenty-two studies measuring concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, acute phase reactant proteins, immunoglobulins, intercellular adhesion molecules, and fibrinogen were included. No significant differences in inflammatory factors …studied were found between subjects with MCI and healthy controls. These findings do not support the involvement of inflammatory markers at the MCI stage of cognitive decline although significant heterogeneity was observed in some comparisons. It remains to be established whether inflammation may predict increased rate of conversion to dementia. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, biological marker, cell adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, inflammation, meta-analysis, mild cognitive impairment

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150042

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 669-679, 2015

Authors: Jensen-Dahm, Christina | Waldemar, Gunhild | Staehelin Jensen, Troels | Malmqvist, Lasse | Moeller, Michelle Mai | Andersen, Birgitte Bo | Høgh, Peter | Ballegaard, Martin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Autonomic function has received little attention in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD pathology has an impact on brain regions which are important for central autonomic control, but it is unclear if AD is associated with disturbance of autonomic function. Objective: To investigate autonomic function using standardized techniques in patients with AD and healthy age-matched controls. Method: Thirty-three patients with mild to moderate AD and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, without symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, underwent standardized autonomic testing with deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, head-up tilt, and isometric handgrip test. Brachial pressure …curve and electrocardiogram were recorded for off-line analysis of blood pressure and beat-to-beat heart rate (HR). Results: AD patients had impaired blood pressure responses to Vasalva maneuver (p  < 0.0001) and HR response to isometric contraction (p  = 0.0001). A modified composite autonomic scoring scale showed greater degree of autonomic impairment in patients compared to controls (patient: 2.1 ± 1.6; controls: 0.9 ± 1.1, p  = 0.001). HR response to deep breathing and Valsalva ratio were similar in the two groups. Conclusion: We identified autonomic impairment ranging from mild to severe in patients with mild to moderate AD, who did not report autonomic symptoms. Autonomic impairment was mainly related to impairment of sympathetic function and evident by impaired blood pressure response to the Vasalva maneuver. The clinical implications of this finding are that AD may be associated with autonomic disturbances, but patients with AD may rarely report symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. Future research should systematically evaluate symptoms of autonomic function and characterize risk factors associated with autonomic dysfunction. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, autonomic function, orthostatic hypotension, tilt test, Valsalva maneuver

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150169

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 681-689, 2015

Authors: Nordberg, Agneta | Kadir, Ahmadul | Andreasen, Niels | Almkvist, Ove | Wall, Anders | , Kaj Blennow | Långström, Bengt | Zetterberg, Henrik

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: New therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are focused on targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) to modify the underlying cause of the disease rather than just the symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of treatment with the anti-Aβ compound phenserine on (i) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Aβ and tau pathology and (ii) brain metabolism as assessed by the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglc), using positron emission tomography. Twenty patients with mild AD were included in the study and after 12 months treatment with phenserine, CSF Aβ 40 and α- and β-secretase-cleaved soluble …amyloid-β protein precursor (sAβPP) levels had significantly increased and rCMRglc had stabilized. Levels of CSF Aβ 40 and sAβPP correlated positively with rCMRglc and cognition while CSF Aβ 42 levels, the Aβ 42/40 ratio, P-tau, and T-tau correlated negatively with rCMRglc and cognition. In summary, long-term phenserine treatment resulted in increased levels of CSF Aβ 40 , sAβPPα, and sAβPPβ, which positively correlated with improvements in rCMRglc and cognition. The study illustrates the value of using biomarkers in the CSF and brain for evaluation of drug effects. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral glucose metabolism, cerebrospinal fluid, phenserine, positron emission tomography

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-132474

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 691-704, 2015

Authors: Pike, Kerryn E. | Zeneli, Amina | Ong, Ben | Price, Sarah | Kinsella, Glynda J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Cognitive interventions for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are best targeted at the preclinical stages, and subjective memory decline (SMD) without objective memory impairment on standard tests in older adults may represent a very early preclinical stage. Elaborated encoding effectively enhances memory performance for healthy older adults (HOAs), but has not been examined in people with SMD. Objective : To examine elaborated encoding in people with SMD, compared with HOAs. Methods : Participants were 32 HOAs and 22 people with SMD, defined using the Memory Complaint Questionnaire. Participants completed a verbal …paired associate learning (PAL) task with delayed recall under elaborated and non-elaborated encoding conditions, as well as the California Verbal Learning Test–II. Results : On the PAL learning trials, with age controlled, a significant interaction of group X encoding condition emerged, F (1, 51) =  6.47, MSE  = 6.54, p  = 0.014, η p 2  = 0.11. Simple main effects revealed no differences between groups in the non-elaborated condition, but in the elaborated condition HOAs recalled more pairs than SMD, although both groups benefited from elaboration. At delayed recall, HOA recalled more pairs than SMD, F (1, 51) =  4.59, p  = 0.037, η p 2  = 0.08, and both groups benefited from elaboration, F (1, 52) =  19.25, p  <  0.001, η p 2  = 0.27. Conclusion : People with SMD benefit from elaborated encoding, although not to the same extent as HOAs. This objective difference in complex learning and memory suggests neural changes in SMD that may represent preclinical AD. Elaborated encoding is a promising technique to help maintain memory and decrease anxiety in this at-risk population. Show more

Keywords: Memory strategies, paired associate learning, preclinical dementia, semantic elaboration, subjective memory complaints

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150062

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 705-713, 2015

Authors: Salameh, Therese S. | Bullock, Kristin M. | Hujoel, Isabel A | Niehoff, Michael L. | Wolden-Hanson, Tami | Kim, Junghyun | Morley, John E. | Farr, Susan A. | Banks, William A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Intranasal insulin has shown efficacy in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but there are no preclinical studies determining whether or how it reaches the brain. Here, we showed that insulin applied at the level of the cribriform plate via the nasal route quickly distributed throughout the brain and reversed learning and memory deficits in an AD mouse model. Intranasal insulin entered the blood stream poorly and had no peripheral metabolic effects. Uptake into the brain from the cribriform plate was saturable, stimulated by PKC inhibition, and responded differently to cellular pathway inhibitors than did insulin transport at the blood-brain barrier. …In summary, these results show intranasal delivery to be an effective way to deliver insulin to the brain. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cognition, insulin, intranasal administration

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150307

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 715-728, 2015

Authors: Michaud, Tzeyu L. | Kane, Robert L. | McCarten, J. Riley | Gaugler, Joseph E. | Nyman, John A. | Kuntz, Karen M. | for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers can distinguish Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients from normal controls; however, their interpretation and potential for use in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains unclear. Objective: To examine whether biomarker levels allow for risk stratification among MCI patients who are at increased risk to develop AD, thus allowing for improved targeting of early interventions for those whose risk are higher. Methods: We analyzed data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative on MCI patients (n  = 195) to estimate their risk of developing AD for up to 6 years …on the basis of baseline CSF biomarkers. We used time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis to identify the best combination of biomarkers to discriminate those who converted to AD from those who remained stable. We used these data to construct a multi-biomarker score and estimated the risk of progression to AD for each quintile of the multi-biomarker score. Results: We found that Aβ 1-42 and P-tau181p were the best combination among CSF biomarkers to predict the overall risk of developing AD among MCI patients (area under the curve = 0.77). The hazard ratio of developing AD among MCI patients with high-risk (3rd–5th quintiles) biomarker levels was about 4 times greater than MCI patients with low-risk (1st quintile) levels (95% confidence interval, 1.93–7.26). Conclusion: Our study identifies MCI patients at increased risk of developing AD by applying a multi-biomarker score using CSF biomarker results. Our findings may be of value to MCI patients and their clinicians for planning purposes and early intervention as well as for future clinical trials. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrospinal fluid, discriminatory ability, mild cognitive impairment, risk stratification

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150066

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 729-740, 2015

Authors: Chiam, Justin Tao Wen | Lunnon, Katie | Voyle, Nicola | Proitsi, Petroula | Coppola, Giovanni | Geschwind, Daniel | Nelson, Sally | Johnston, Caroline | Soininen, Hilkka | Kłoszewska, Iwona | Mecocci, Patrizia | Tsolaki, Magda | Vellas, Bruno | Hodges, Angela | Lovestone, Simon | Newhouse, Stephen | Dobson, Richard James Butler | Kiddle, Steven John | Sattlecker, Martina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: There is an urgent need to discover Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers that are both easily measured and reliable. Research into blood-based biomarkers for AD using transcriptomics and proteomics has been an attractive and promising area of research. However, to date researchers have not looked into the possibility of AD medication being a confounding factor in these studies. Objective: This study explored whether acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), the main class of AD medication, are a confounding factor in AD blood biomarker studies. Methods: The most promising blood transcriptomic and proteomic biomarkers from two …recent studies were analyzed to determine if they were differentially expressed between AD subjects on AChEIs and subjects that were not. Results: None of the gene or protein biomarkers analyzed were found to be significantly altered between subjects in either group. Conclusion: This study found no evidence that AChEIs are a confounding factor in these published AD blood biomarker studies. Further work is needed to confirm that this is also the case for other proposed biomarkers. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, blood, cholinesterase inhibitors, gene expression, microarray, protein, proteomics

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150289

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 741-750, 2015