Journal of Alzheimer's Disease - Volume 19, issue 1

Authors: Vanmierlo, Tim | Bloks, Vincent W. | van Vark-van der Zee, Leonie C. | Rutten, Kris | Kerksiek, Anja | Friedrichs, Silvia | Sijbrands, Eric | Steinbusch, Harry W. | Kuipers, Folkert | Lütjohann, Dieter | Mulder, Monique

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Disturbances in cerebral cholesterol metabolism have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we provide evidence that alterations in brain cholesterol homeostasis also can be a consequence of disease progression. We found that APPSLxPS1mut mice, at the age of 9 months when AD-like pathology starts to develop, display increased levels of the cholesterol precursor desmosterol and of the cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxy(OH)cholesterol in their cerebellum in comparison with wild-type controls. At the age of 21 months, when APPSLxPS1mut brain contains abundant amyloid deposits, desmosterol levels had further increased (> 200% in comparison with wild-type mice) in all brain …regions examined. 24(S)-OHcholesterol levels were increased in hippocampus and cerebellum of the APPSLxPS1mut mice, while 27-OHcholesterol levels were increased in cerebellum exclusively. Brain cholesterol levels remained unaffected. In line with the fact that desmosterol and 24(S)-OHcholesterol are Liver X Receptor (LXR) activators, the LXR-target genes Abca1 and Apoc1 were upregulated predominantly in hippocampus of APPSLxPS1mut mice at both ages evaluated. The reduced expression of the enzyme that converts desmosterol into cholesterol, the Selective AD indicator 1 gene (Seladin-1/Dhcr24), in both cortex and cerebellum may underlie the increased desmosterol levels in 21 month-old APPSLxPS1mut mice. Show more

Keywords: APPSLxPS1mut, Alzheimer's disease, brain cholesterol metabolism, LXR, oxysterols, seladin

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1209

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 117-127, 2010

Authors: Erol, Adnan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The progression and outcome of neurological diseases are determined by the balance between neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration. In this context, astroglial cells are invariably involved in every kind of neuropathology. Mitotically, active glial cells provide metabolic support to active neurons, contribute to coupling between synaptic activity and local blood flow, and thus protect against oxidative stress. Disturbances of the complex neuron-glia interrelation are increasingly recognized as a potentially important pathophysiological mechanism in a wide variety of neurological disorders including those marked by neurodegeneration. Peripheral insulin resistance-mediated increased oxidative stress in glial cells, and consequent DNA damage, induces senescence in glial …cells leads to the development of an inflammatory environment. The immune mediators released by senescent (activated) glial cells are considered to be neurotoxic and ultimately increase the oxidant load of neurons. While the neuron is viewed as the prototypical post-mitotic, fully differentiated cell, certain subsets of neurons reactivate cell-cycle activity in response to triggers of neuronal apoptosis, such as genotoxic stress generated by redox changes due to pathological alterations in supporting astroglial cells. Thus, a paradoxical cell cycle block in glial cells coupled with concomitant cell cycle re-entry in neurons (due to pathological alterations created by peripheral insulin resistance-induced neuroendocrine signaling changes) may cause neurodegeneration, such as seen in Alzheimer's disease. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, cell cycle, glia, oxidative stress, p38, p53, senescence

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1211

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 129-135, 2010

Authors: Nunes, Teresa | Fragata, Isabel | Ribeiro, Filipa | Palma, Teresa | Maroco, João | Cannas, Jorge | Secca, Mário | Menezes, Cristina | Carmo, Isabel | Cunha, Gil | Branco, Miguel Castelo | Guerreiro, Manuela | de Mendonça, Alexandre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Elderly patients may present with prominent cognitive complaints and have performances in neuropsychological tests within the normal range for the age and education, and thus do not fulfill the criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). There is insufficient evidence to support the clinical decision in these cases (“pre-MCI”). Forty-three subjects, 11 controls, 15 “pre-MCI,” and 17 MCI, were followed for about three and half years with neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging including volumetric measurements of the hippocampus and amygdala. Two of the “pre-MCI” subjects suffered cognitive and functional deterioration and were diagnosed with dementia. Although the “pre-MCI” subjects as …a group had no significant deterioration in neuropsychological tests, they suffered a decline in the total hippocampal volume (P=0.04) along the follow-up time. In contrast, all control subjects remained stable and had no volumetric decreases. As expected, MCI patients underwent significant deterioration in several neuropsychological tests, often progressed to Alzheimer's disease, and showed decreases both in total hippocampal and amygdalar volumes. Elderly people presenting with cognitive complaints may be in an initial phase of a degenerative disorder and should be followed clinically, even if they have normal neuropsychological tests. Show more

Keywords: Aging, Alzheimer's disease, amygdala, dementia, hippocampus, magnetic resonance imaging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), pre-MCI, volumetry

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1210

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 137-145, 2010

Authors: Serra, Laura | Cercignani, Mara | Lenzi, Delia | Perri, Roberta | Fadda, Lucia | Caltagirone, Carlo | Macaluso, Emiliano | Bozzali, Marco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study investigates abnormalities of grey (GM) and white matter (WM) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), by modeling the AD pathological process as a continuous course between normal aging and fully developed dementia, with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) as an intermediate stage. All subjects (9 AD, 16 aMCI patients, and 13 healthy controls) underwent a full neuropsychological assessment and an MRI examination at 3 Tesla, including a volumetric scan and diffusion tensor (DT)-MRI. The volumes were processed to perform a voxel-based morphometric analysis of GM and WM volume, while DT-MRI data were analyzed using tract based spatial statistics, to estimate …changes in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity data. GM and WM volume and mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy were compared across the three groups, and their correlation with cognitive functions was investigated. While AD presented a pattern of widespread GM atrophy, tissue loss was more subtle in patients with aMCI. WM atrophy was mainly located in the temporal lobe, but evidence of WM microscopic damage, assessed by DT-MRI, was also observable in the thalamic radiations and in the corpus callosum. Memory and executive functions correlated with either GM volume or fractional anisotropy in fronto-temporal areas. In conclusion, this study shows a comprehensive assessment of the brain tissue damage across AD evolution, providing insights on different pathophysiological mechanisms (GM atrophy, Wallerian degeneration, and brain disconnection) and their possible association with clinical aspects of cognitive decline. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, diffusion tensor MRI, mild cognitive impairment, neuropsychology, tract-based spatial statistics, voxel based morphometry

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1223

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 147-159, 2010

Authors: Li, Mi | Sun, Miao | Liu, Yi | Yu, Jia | Yang, Huan | Fan, Dongsheng | Chui, Dehua

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Copper plays a central role in conserved processes such as respiration, and in highly specialized processes, such as protein modification. The metalloprotease neprilysin (NEP) degrades a variety of bioactive peptides and is involved in many physiological processes. However, very little is known about the regulation of NEP activity. In the current study, we focused on the effect of Cu2+ on the enzymatic activity and protein stability of NEP. Using mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells, we found that the enzymatic activity of NEP was decreased by treatment with Cu2+ in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In our investigation of the …mechanism by which Cu2+ downregulates NEP enzyme activity, we found that treatment with Cu2+ caused a decrease in the level of NEP as determined by Western blot analysis. Quantitative analysis of NEP mRNA with RT-PCR excluded the possibility that Cu2+ downregulates NEP protein at the gene transcription level. Moreover, specific proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and lactacystin, blocked the turnover of NEP, whereas inhibitors of lysosome had no significant effect, suggesting that Cu2+ -induced degradation of NEP is via a proteasome pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that copper downregulates NEP activity through modulation of NEP protein degradation. Show more

Keywords: Activity, copper, degradation, neprilysin

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1218

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 161-169, 2010

Authors: Galimberti, Daniela | Fenoglio, Chiara | Cortini, Francesca | Serpente, Maria | Venturelli, Eliana | Villa, Chiara | Clerici, Francesca | Marcone, Alessandra | Benussi, Luisa | Ghidoni, Roberta | Gallone, Salvatore | Scalabrini, Diego | Restelli, Ilaria | Boneschi, Filippo Martinelli | Cappa, Stefano | Binetti, Giuliano | Mariani, Claudio | Rainero, Innocenzo | Giordana, Maria Teresa | Bresolin, Nereo | Scarpini, Elio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are responsible for familial FTLD with ubiquitin pathology (FTLD-U). However, there are controversial data regarding the contribution of GRN variability to sporadic FTLD. We carried out an association study in 265 patients, who did not carry a GRN causal mutation, and 375 age-matched controls. Four tagging Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were chosen generate 80% power to detect an allelic association with P ⩽ 0.01. In addition, a known functional SNP (rs5848) was included. An increased frequency of the rs4792938 CC genotype in cases compared with controls was observed (17.4 versus 10.4%, P=0.01, OR: 1.81, …95%CI: 1.15–2.85). Stratifying for gender, no differences were observed for all polymorphisms. Haplotype analysis failed to detect haplotypes associated with the disease. Our findings indicate that the GRN rs4792938 CC genotype represents a susceptibility factor for the development of FTLD in individuals who do not carry GRN causal mutations. This SNP is likely located in a regulatory region, thus an effect on GRN mRNA levels may be of mechanistic importance. Show more

Keywords: Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD), polymorphism, progranulin (GRN), risk factor, variability

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1225

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 171-177, 2010

Authors: Wang, Rui | Malter, James S. | Wang, Deng-Shun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: As one of the dominant amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) proteases, neprilysin (NEP) plays a crucial role in maintaining a physiologic balance between Aβ production and catabolism. We have previously shown that NEP is modified by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) adducts, resulting in decreased activity in the brain of AD patients and cultured cells. In order to determine whether antioxidants can rescue NEP, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with HNE or Aβ, together with N-acetylcysteine for 24 hours, prior to analysis of NEP protein levels, activity, and oxidative modifications. Intracellular NEP developed HNE adducts after 24 hours of HNE or Aβ treatment as determined by …immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and double immunofluorescence staining. N-acetylcysteine at 10 to 100 μM alleviated HNE adduction after HNE or Aβ treatment. In keeping with previous reports, HNE-modified NEP showed decreased catalytic activity. The present study demonstrates that antioxidants can be used to spare NEP from oxidative modification, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of antioxidants in aging or Alzheimer's disease. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β, antioxidant, degradation, 4-hydroxynonenal, N-acetylcysteine, neprilysin, oxidative stress

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1226

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 179-189, 2010

Authors: Arendash, Gary W. | Sanchez-Ramos, Juan | Mori, Takashi | Mamcarz, Malgorzata | Lin, Xiaoyang | Runfeldt, Melissa | Wang, Li | Zhang, Guixin | Sava, Vasyl | Tan, Jun | Cao, Chuanhai

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Despite numerous studies, there is no definitive evidence that high-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure is a risk to human health. To the contrary, this report presents the first evidence that long-term EMF exposure directly associated with cell phone use (918 MHz; 0.25 w/kg) provides cognitive benefits. Both cognitive-protective and cognitive-enhancing effects of EMF exposure were discovered for both normal mice and transgenic mice destined to develop Alzheimer's-like cognitive impairment. The cognitive interference task utilized in this study was designed from, and measure-for-measure analogous to, a human cognitive interference task. In Alzheimer's disease mice, long-term EMF exposure reduced brain amyloid-β (Aβ) …deposition through Aβ anti-aggregation actions and increased brain temperature during exposure periods. Several inter-related mechanisms of EMF action are proposed, including increased Aβ clearance from the brains of Alzheimer's disease mice, increased neuronal activity, and increased cerebral blood flow. Although caution should be taken in extrapolating these mouse studies to humans, we conclude that EMF exposure may represent a non-invasive, non-pharmacologic therapeutic against Alzheimer's disease and an effective memory-enhancing approach in general. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β, electromagnetic fields, memory, transgenic mice

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1228

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 191-210, 2010

Authors: Landhuis, Esther | Dance, Amber

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1256

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 211-216, 2010

Authors: Lovell, Mark A.

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1263

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 219-219, 2010

Authors: Markesbery, William R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the earliest clinically detectable phase of the trajectory toward dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), led to the need for even earlier detection and prevention of AD. Although it is a clinical diagnosis, its underlying neuropathological findings are just being defined. MCI is best studied in longitudinally followed patients in centers that are experienced in dementing disorders. In this review of the few major clinical-pathological reports of longitudinally followed patients, it appears that most autopsied amnestic MCI (aMCI) patients are on a pathway toward AD. Neurofibrillary pathology in entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala – not amyloid plaques …– is the major substrate for aMCI and for memory decline. In addition, many MCI patients have other concomitant pathological alterations, the most common of which are strokes, but also include argyrophilic grains and Lewy bodies. These findings are not surprising because most MCI autopsied cases have been in the older (80 to 90 year) range where these findings are common. In early AD, the phase following MCI, the significant change is an increase in neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex that correlates with an increase in Braak score and the observed clinical progression. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, neurofibrillary tangles, preclinical Alzheimer's disease

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1220

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 221-228, 2010

Authors: Reitz, Christiane | Mayeux, Richard

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Cognitive impairment is prevalent in the elderly. The high estimates of conversion to dementia have spurred the interest in identification of genetic risk factors associated with development of cognitive impairment and or its progression. However, despite notable achievements in human genetics over the years, in particular technological advances in gene mapping and in statistical methods that relate genetic variants to disease, to date only a small proportion of the genetic contribution to late-life cognitive impairment can be explained. A likely explanation for the difficulty in gene identification is that it is a multifactorial disorder with both genetic and environmental components, …in which several genes with small effects each are likely to contribute to the quantitative traits associated with the disease. The motivation for identifying the underlying genetic risk factors elderly is clear. Not only could it shed light on disease pathogenesis, but it may also provide potential targets for effective treatment, screening, and prevention. In this article we review the current knowledge on underlying genetic variants and the usefulness of genetic variation as diagnostic tools and biomarkers. In addition, we discuss the potentials and difficulties researchers face in designing appropriate studies for gene discovery. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, APOE, cognition, genes, mild cognitive impairment, SORL1

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1255

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 229-251, 2010

Authors: Jicha, Gregory A. | Carr, Sarah A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Over the past several decades, our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has seen an evolution from the dichotomous concept of normal versus AD in the dementia state to a more accurate and complete appreciation of AD as a progressive disorder with clinical, biological, and pathological features occurring along a continuum from normal to end-stage disease. Integrating our understanding of the relationships and interplay between the clinical, biological, and pathological features of AD may allow the identification of AD at even preclinical, completely asymptomatic stages of the disease. This review attempts to summarize the clinical stages of AD in terms of …epidemiology, historical evolution of disease stage diagnoses, cognitive/neuropsychologic features, psychiatric/behavioral manifestations, and functional decline in the context of our developing understanding of the biological processes responsible for the pathogenesis of AD described in detail in the accompanying articles. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, clinical features, mild cognitive impairment, preclinical AD

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1237

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 253-272, 2010

Authors: Smith, Charles D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This review uses an image-indexed framework for the full course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to provide a perspective on recent neuroimaging findings in the literature. Modalities considered include morphometric, diffusion tensor, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and resting/functional metabolic and amyloid-label positron emission tomography. The major focus is on the AD pre-states (normal but high AD risk and mild cognitive impairment), and transition from mild cognitive impairment to mild AD. Imaging results relevant to the conduct of future prevention and early intervention trials are emphasized.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, computed tomography, diffusion tensor imaging, FDG, functional imaging, human, magnetic resonance imaging, mild cognitive impairment, morphometry, PIB, positron emission tomography, prediction, review

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1217

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 273-290, 2010

Authors: Rinne, Juha O. | Någren, Kjell

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and the earliest clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). An important goal is to find features that predict which MCI patients will later convert to AD. Identification of such features will be increasingly important when treatments slowing down the progression of AD become available enabling early intervention. Brain imaging might be one possible predictor of conversion to AD. Functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) has shown that either normal elderly people carrying apolipoprotein E ε4 allele or people with MCI already show reduced …cerebral glucose metabolism in those brain areas that are typically affected in AD. Investigations of different neurotransmitter systems might increase specificity and help in the differential diagnosis between dementing disorders. Dopamine transporter imaging to aid in the differential diagnosis between AD and dementia with Lewy bodies seems promising. Amyloid imaging is an example of “pathology specific” imaging that has great potential to enhance early detection of AD processes and to help in differential diagnosis. In the future, multi-tracer imaging or development of agents enabling imaging of other protein aggregations in neurodegenerative diseases could further help in the early and differential diagnostics and evaluation of novel treatments. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, dementia, imaging, memory, mild cognitive impairment, positron emission tomography

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1224

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 291-300, 2010

Authors: Sonnen, Joshua A. | Montine, Kathleen S. | Quinn, Joseph F. | Breitner, John C.S. | Montine, Thomas J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Given the magnitude of the public health problem of dementia in the elderly, there is a pressing need for research, development, and timely application of biomarkers that will identify latent and prodromal illness as well as dementia. Although identification of risk factors and neuroimaging measures will remain key to these efforts, this review focuses on recent progress in the discovery, validation, and standardization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, small molecules and macromolecules whose CSF concentration can aid in diagnosis at different stages of disease as well as in assessment of disease progression and response to therapeutics. A multimodal approach that …brings independent information from risk factor assessment, neuroimaging, and biomarkers may soon guide physicians in the early diagnosis and management of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, biomarkers, cerebrospinal fluid, Lewy body disease, vascular cognitive impairment

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1236

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 301-309, 2010

Authors: Murphy, M. Paul | LeVine III, Harry

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is widely believed to be driven by the production and deposition of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). For many years, investigators have been puzzled by the weak to nonexistent correlation between the amount of neuritic plaque pathology in the human brain and the degree of clinical dementia. Recent advances in our understanding of the development of amyloid pathology have helped solve this mystery. Substantial evidence now indicates that the solubility of Aβ, and the quantity of Aβ in different pools, may be more closely related to disease state. The composition of these pools of Aβ reflects different …populations of amyloid deposits and has definite correlates with the clinical status of the patient. Imaging technologies, including new amyloid imaging agents based on the chemical structure of histologic dyes, are now making it possible to track amyloid pathology along with disease progression in the living patient. Interestingly, these approaches indicate that the Aβ deposited in AD is different from that found in animal models. In general, deposited Aβ is more easily cleared from the brain in animal models and does not show the same physical and biochemical characteristics as the amyloid found in AD. This raises important issues regarding the development and testing of future therapeutic agents. Show more

Keywords: Amyloid-β, amyloid-β protein precursor, fibril, oligomer

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1221

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 311-323, 2010

Authors: Lynn, Bert C. | Wang, Jianquan | Markesbery, William R. | Lovell, Mark A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The major barrier to treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease (AD) is its unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Although increasing evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD, there have been few studies that simultaneously evaluate changes in multiple mitochondrial proteins. To evaluate changes in sites of potentially interacting mitochondrial proteins, we applied 2-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and the isotope coded affinity tag method to identify and quantify proteins in mitochondrial enriched fractions isolated from short postmortem interval temporal pole specimens from subjects with mild cognitive impairment (4 subjects pooled), early AD (4 subjects …pooled), late-stage AD (8 subjects pooled) and age-matched normal control (7 subjects pooled) subjects. A total of 112 unique, non-redundant proteins were identified and quantified in common to all three stages of disease progression. Overall, patterns of protein change suggest activation of mitochondrial pathways that include proteins responsible for transport and utilization of ATP. These proteins include adenine nucleotide translocase, voltage dependent anion channels, hexokinase, and creatine kinase. Comparison of protein changes throughout the progression of AD suggests the most pronounced changes occur in early AD mitochondria. Show more

Keywords: Disease progression, early Alzheimer's disease (EAD), isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT), LC/MS/MS, late Alzheimer's disease (LAD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mitochondria, proteomics, quantitative

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1254

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 325-339, 2010

Authors: Sultana, Rukhsana | Butterfield, D. Allan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized pathologically by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and synapse loss. Increasing evidence supports a role of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress in the progression and pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we summarize evidence for a role of oxidative stress in the progression of AD by comparing the appearance of the same oxidized brain proteins from subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early AD (EAD), and late-stage AD, and relating these findings to the reported AD pathology. The identification of oxidized brain proteins in common in MCI, …EAD, and AD brain suggest that certain key pathways are triggered and may be involved in the progression of AD. Exploring these pathways in detail may provide clues for better understanding the pathogenesis and progression of AD and also for the development of effective therapies to treat or delay this dementing disorder. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, amyloid, early Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, proteomics

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1222

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 341-353, 2010

Authors: McGeer, Edith G. | McGeer, Patrick L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of Alzheimer disease (AD) and other chronic neurodegenerative disorders. It exacerbates the fundamental pathology by generating a plethora of inflammatory mediators and neurotoxic compounds. Inflammatory cytokines, complement components, and toxic free radicals are among the many species that are generated. Microglia attack the pathological entities and may inadvertently injure host neurons. Recent evidence indicates that microglia can be stimulated to assume an antiinflammatory state rather than a proinflammatory state which may have therapeutic potential. Proinflammatory cytokines include IL-1, IL-6 and TNF, while antiinflammatory cytokines include IL-4 and IL-10. Complement activation is a separate process which …causes extensive neuronal damage in AD through assembly of the membrane attack complex. Aggregated amyloid-β is a potent activator of human complement but not of mouse complement. This is an important difference between AD and transgenic mouse models of AD. Many so far unexplored molecules may contribute to neuroinflammation or act to inhibit it. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) analysis identified 174 proteins that were upregulated by two-fold or more, and 189 that were downregulated by 2-fold or more following inflammatory stimulation of microglial-like THP-1 cells. Neurotoxicity may result from any combination of these and further exploration is clearly warranted. In addition, many small molecules may play a significant role. One example is hydrogen sulfide which appears to be an endogenous antiinflammatory agent. Show more

Keywords: Amyloid-β, astrocytes, complement, hydrogen sulfide, microglia, neurotoxicity

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1219

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 355-361, 2010

Authors: Smith, Mark A. | Zhu, Xiongwei | Tabaton, Massimo | Liu, Gang | McKeel Jr., Daniel W. | Cohen, Mark L. | Wang, Xinglong | Siedlak, Sandra L. | Dwyer, Barney E. | Hayashi, Takaaki | Nakamura, Masao | Nunomura, Akihiko | Perry, George

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is now established that oxidative stress is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, change that occurs in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consistent with this, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the clinical precursor of AD, is also characterized by elevations in oxidative stress. Since such stress does not operate in vacuo, in this study we sought to determine whether redox-active iron, a potent source of free radicals, was elevated in MCI and preclinical AD as compared to cognitively-intact age-matched control patients. Increased iron was found at the highest levels both in the cortex and cerebellum from the …pre-clinical AD/MCI cases. Interestingly, glial accumulations of redox-active iron in the cerebellum were also evident in preclinical AD patients and tended to increase as patients became progressively cognitively impaired. Our findings suggests that an imbalance in iron homeostasis is a precursor to the neurodegenerative processes leading to AD and that iron imbalance is not necessarily unique to affected regions. In fact, an understanding of iron deposition in other regions of the brain may provide insights into neuroprotective strategies. Iron deposition at the preclinical stage of AD may be useful as a diagnostic tool, using iron imaging methods, as well as a potential therapeutic target, through metal ion chelators. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, chelator, diagnostic, free radicals, iron, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), oxidative stress, pre-clinical, redox activity

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1239

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 363-372, 2010

Article Type: Announcement

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2010-1264

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 373-374, 2010