Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution - Volume 19, issue 4

Authors: Subramanian, V.

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220048

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. i-iv, 2022

Authors: Ahmad, Khairunnash | Iqhrammullah, Muhammad | Rizki, Diva Rayyan | Aulia, Aulia | Mairizal, Aulia Qisthi | Purnama, Agnia | Qanita, Intan | Abdulmadjid, SN | Puspita, Kana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Hazardous metal pollution has raised a global concern to its increasing trend in response to industrial growth. As an emerging economy, Indonesia starts to receive a backlash of increasing anthropogenic activities resulting in higher emission of heavy metal pollutants. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable pollutants and toxic to humans and other living organisms. Herein, we have reviewed published investigations on the contamination of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Hg, Ni, Cd, Zn and As) in aquatic and terrestrial animals, attributed to anthropogenic activities in Indonesia. Some reports found the contamination levels have surpassed the tolerable limits of international standards. Most of the …research was conducted in the industrial area, indicating that the heavy metal released into the environment can reach the human body through the food chain. A report in a non-industrial area suspected the contamination to be originated from the chain of anthropogenic activities (fertiliser industry—agriculture—livestock industry). Show more

Keywords: Heavy metal, health, contamination, animal, industry, wastewater

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220049

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1-8, 2022

Authors: Raghuveer Yadav, P. | Pavan Kumar, Pindi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An attempt was made to delineate fluoride and identify bacterial diversity in the drinking water sources of 27 Mandal Parishads of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Fourteen water samples of groundwater and thirteen samples of surface water were collected and analysed for fluoride concentration as well as bacterial diversity. Results revealed that 57.14% of the groundwater samples had a fluoride concentration over the permissible limit, whereas 15.38% of surface water samples crossed the permissible limit. Bacterial species predominantly found in the groundwater samples are Bacillus subtilis whose presence seemed more in Dornipadu (DOR), Pamulapadu (PPU), Nandavaram (NDV) and Kosigi …(KOS). Exiguobacterium sp. prevailed much in Chagalamarri (CHA), Midthur (MID), Jupadu Bungalow (JBW) and Gonegandla (GON). Acinetobacter sp. is rich in Allagadda (ALG) and Atmakur (ATK). Chryseobacterium sp. dominated in Orvakal (ORV); Pagidyala (PGA) had more concentrations of Staphylococcus warneri and Kolimigundla (KOL) had reported high levels of Aeromonas punctate . Surface water samples possess predominant bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis dominated in Uyyalawada (UYY), Sanjamala (SAN), Banaganapalle (BPL) and Mantralayam (MAN). Exiguobacterium sp was abundant in Koilkuntla (KOI), Kowthalam (KOW) and Pattikonda (PAT). Bergeyella sp. reported high in Gadivemula (GAD). Pantoea sp. was more in Yemmiganur (YMG); Aspari (ASP) was rich in Kocuria marina ; Acinetobacter junii dominant in Devanakonda (DKD). Paracoccus sigandrium prevailed more in Owk. Show more

Keywords: Bacterial diversity, fluoride delineation, groundwater, surface water

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220050

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 9-16, 2022

Authors: Al-Nuaemi, Inas J. | Abbas, Kafaa F. | Jebir Al-Alawy, Ramy M. | Al Ani, Hussam N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Since their discovery in 1958, atrazine and other members of s-triazine family have been extensively applied in order to control grassy and broadleaf weeds in crops. Although, it was proved by many researchers that atrazine was slow and partially degradable material. These pesticides were widely used to enhance crop quality and yield. Atrazine degradation can be achieved by the effects of air, sun, water, microorganisms and temperature. Thermal degradation plays an important role in agrochemicals elimination; so a better understanding of the role of thermal degradation of atrazine is essential. Quantitative determination of pesticide residues was studied by calculating the …amount of herbicide residues left after decomposition using a simple thermo analytical technique (TG, DSC). In this study, we found that all samples undergo the process of melting, evaporation, decomposition and oxidation at a temperature higher than the maximum registered climate temperature which made us conclude that 80–90%wt) of the pesticides stay in the environment without change under 100 °C on different parts of plants like fruits, leaves, and some penetrate into the ground to reach the roots or continue to the groundwater causes toxic problems to their consumers and environmental pollution. This result gave the motivation to find a more effective approach to reduce the harmful effect of these pollutants. In this regard, biological degradation of atrazine by using two legumes roots rhizobium bacteria was investigated. It is found that both rhizobium are able to treat atrazine at moderate temperature (30 °C). In comparison to chickpea rhizobia, bean rhizobia showed a higher performance with a removal efficiency of 43.21% and 57.42% at mild and high atrazine concentrations (5 mg/L and 10 mg/L) respectively. The results from this research offer an elegant way to remove the harmful effect of herbicides through degradation and to bring the safe use of herbicides a step closer to applications. Show more

Keywords: Atrazine, biological degradation, herbicides, pesticides toxicity, thermal decomposition

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220051

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 17-23, 2022

Authors: Chandu, Kavitha | Dharma Raju, A. | Kumar, S.V.J. | Dasari, Madhava Prasad | Reddy, Y.K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Fog is a frequent deterrent during the winter season. The reduction in horizontal visibility and other adverse conditions results in flight delays, cancellations, and flight de-route/diversions, leading to economic implications for rescheduling plans by the air-travellers. Clear skies, calm/light winds, a good amount of relative humidity, and fall in temperatures due to radiation cooling during winter nights are conducive. The intensity and duration of fog constrain flight operations. In the light of a fair number of fog occurrences compelling flight delays and diversions over Hyderabad Airport (RGIA, Shamshabad), the present study is undertaken to analyse the meteorological aspects of fog, …and its frequency, duration, and economic implications. During the period 2014-2019, 74 instances of fog occurrence were recorded over the RGIA. The majority of the incidents (45.9%) were shallow fog events. The dense fog (2) and very dense fog (1) events were rare. Maximum fog occurrences (26 out of 74 events) were reported in December. The onset of fog was observed between 1800 UTC and 0400 UTC, while most of them (43.2%) occurred between 0000 UTC and 0200 UTC. Most of the fog events lasted up to 1 hour, and there were six instances of fog lasting between 2-3 hrs. Show more

Keywords: Fog, Shamshabad, flight diversion, low visibility procedure, visibility

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220052

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 25-32, 2022

Authors: Bisht, Mamta | Pande, Chitra | Tewari, Geeta | Tripathi, Sonal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A polyhouse study was conducted to assess the influence of copper amendments on the soil properties, plant growth parameters (fresh weight and plant height) and metal accumulation in Mentha arvensis L. The amendments of copper were 270, 500, 700 and 900 mg kg-1 in triplicate along with an unamended control. After 90 days of plant growth, the aerial parts of the plant were harvested and the physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, EC, %OC, %OM and metal content in plant and soil were recorded. The pH and EC values were higher for the amendments as compared …to the control. The pH (8.22) and EC (0.80 dS m-1 ) values were the highest for Cu270 mg kg-1 and Cu500 mg kg-1 amendments, respectively. The percentage of OC and OM was the highest (1.16%, 2.00%) for Cu500 mg kg-1 . The plant height was maximum (36.30 cm) for the control plant while the fresh weight was maximum for Cu700 mg kg-1 amendment. The copper accumulation was observed to be the highest (19.3 mg kg-1 ) for the Cu500 mg kg-1 amendment and least (13.7 mg kg-1 ) for the higher amendment (Cu900 mg kg-1 ) showing that for all the amendments along with control, copper accumulation was within the permissible limit. Thus, growing medicinal and aromatic plants in the metal-rich soils can be a sustainable and environment-friendly approach to obtaining metal-free commercially important end products. Show more

Keywords: Mentha arvensis L., pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, organic matter, growth, copper, atomic absorption spectroscopy

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220053

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 33-39, 2022

Authors: Spitsov, Dmitriy | Korobeynikova, Elena | Grigoriev, Alexander | Kondratenko, Larisa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work aims to investigate the concentration indices of 14 pesticides in the major water bodies of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation. The study was conducted in 2019 using samples of bottom sediments and surface waters collected from three reservoirs (Krasnodar, Proletarian, and Veselovsky) and two rivers (Don and Sal). Concentrations of active pesticide substances were studied, and the results were benchmarked against 2018. In 2019, 14 active pesticide substances were detected in water and sediment samples from the three reservoirs under study. Maximum pesticide concentrations were observed in the spring of 2019 and autumn 2018. Total …concentration indices in these time frames were similar, but autumn 2019 is 20 times lower than 2018 (0.7 versus 6.5, p ≤ 0.001). Total pesticide concentrations for rivers and reservoirs averaged about the same (0.15-0.80, p ≥ 0.05). There are different levels of pesticides in rivers and reservoirs. The detected pesticide concentrations did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations, but the cumulative effect can have a harmful impact on hydrobionts in the future. Show more

Keywords: Concentration, pesticides, pollution, reservoirs, rivers, the Southern Federal District, water bodies

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220054

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 41-47, 2022

Authors: Sahoo, A.K. | Kar, B.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Fly ash, being a by-product, discarded and dumped as the power plant waste, is found to be highly toxic with its pozzolanic property. It can be utilised as a construction material to substitute cement. Along with fly ash, additional waste materials such as silica fume and rice husk have diversified applications to enhance the strength of the concrete material. In the present study, concretes are being prepared using variable combinations of fly ash, silica fume and rice husk dust, and their physical and mechanical properties are studied extensively. It is being observed that the addition of silica fume alone in …the fly ash could produce concrete blocks with a compressive strength of 35 MPa whereas when silica fume is added along with rice husk powder, the compressive strength could be raised up to 40 MPa. Both types of concrete blocks are subjected to curing period of 14 days to 21 days. The result revealed that block containing silica fume shows corrosion resistance property, whereas blocks containing a combination of rice husk dust and silica fume shows both the property of hydrophobicity as well as corrosion resistivity. The study summarised the fact that by exploring the chemical and mechanical properties of some of the waste material, it is possible to prepare a hydrophobic, corrosion resistance block that could replace the use of cement in the concrete and contribute maximum to get rid of environmental pollutions. Show more

Keywords: Silica fume, concrete material, corrosion resistance, hydrophobicity

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220055

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 49-54, 2022

Authors: Qiu, Shengnu | Snegirev, Dmitry | Domatskiy, Vladimir | Gura, Dmitry | Fedotov, Nikita

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Microbiological methods for identifying the status of water in modified anthropogenic zones are the most accurate techniques that reflect the actual condition of water bodies. This work aims to perform a comparative analysis of hydrochemical and microbiological indicators in 20 small rivers of the Surgutsky and Oktyabrsky districts of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation. The research was conducted in 2018-2019 in Surgutsky and Oktyabrsky districts using water samples collected in spring, summer and autumn from 20 small rivers. The neutral and mildly alkaline values of pH were the highest in summer (7.6). Maximum ammonium ion concentrations of up …to 0.5 mg per 1 dm3 were registered during spring when the snow was melting. No differences in total microbial accounts between 2018 and 2019 were noted in the Surgutsky district (p ≥ 0.05). However, there were differences between rivers. Thus, rivers No. 4, 5, and 7-10 accounted for the minimum in both years (microbial count is 101 -102 ), while rivers No. 1-3 had 10-12 times higher microbial count (p ≤ 0.001, 103 ). For river No. 6, the values were 4 times higher compared with rivers No. 1-3 (p ≤ 0.01, 104 ) and 30-40 times higher compared with rivers No. 4, 5, and 7-10 (p ≤ 0.0001, 101-2 versus 104 ). The pollution in 2018-2019 can be considered constant. Rivers No. 18 and 19 in the Oktyabrsky region were the most contaminated, with microbial accounts 5 to 10 times higher than others (p ≤ 0.001, 102-5 versus 101 ). River No. 12, with a microbial count of 2-5 thousand per 1 ml in 2018, reached 42-45 thousand per 1 ml in 2019 (p ≤ 0.001), a value higher than in the constantly polluted rivers No. 18-19 (p ≤ 0.05 with 2019). Microflora was consistent during the two-year study. It is explained by the fact that the number of bacteria is determined by water temperature, indicators of dissolved O2 concentration, and indicators of organic compound concentration. The cluster analysis revealed 16 genera of bacteria and 3 mold fungi in the waters of 20 rivers studied. The Oktyabrsky district has the most significant number of very polluted rivers, whereas there are a lot of relatively clean rivers. The Surgutsky district is characterized by very clean rivers, along with moderately polluted rivers. Compared with the Oktyabrsky district, the rivers in the Surgutskydistrict are cleaner in microbiology because of lower anthropogenic pressure. Bacterial contamination can be reduced if the release of organic matter to waste water is lower, thereby substantially reducing the role of ammonifying bacteria in the microbiome. Show more

Keywords: Bacterial pollution, microflora, small rivers, total microbial count

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220056

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 55-61, 2022

Authors: Rao, Vaddi Dhilleswara | Rao, Mushini Venkata Subba

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The quality of groundwater is assessed using the Water Quality Index method and it is pertinently helpful to transfer the complex data into usable data. In this research study the WQI values have been estimated for each water sample (in total, 66 samples have been collected) based on 9 water quality parameters at periodic intervals in May 2015, 2016 and 2017 in the villages of Gara Mandal of Srikakulam District in Andhra Pradesh. The overall results disclosed that 50-54% of the groundwater samples (WQI lies between 100-200) showed poor quality and 10-13% of water samples (WQI lies between 200-300) showed …very poor quality in successive periodic intervals. An assessment of measured physicochemical parameters of 66 sample sites has shown that the majority of the groundwater samples have a high concentration of calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride and sulfate ions beyond the desirable limits of BIS and WHO standards. Correlation matrix show a strong positive correlation existing between the calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride and sulfate ions pointing out that groundwater in this region has been contaminated more by these components due to anthropogenic activities and over-exploitation. Hence, in the study region, suitable treatment of water is necessary before consumption, this is because maximum parts of the sampling points have a high WQI value. Show more

Keywords: Groundwater, water quality index (WQI), calcium, magnesium

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220057

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 63-72, 2022

Authors: Shamim, S.K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this study is to show how the characteristics of tap water influences the characteristics of the greywater generated from kitchen, bath shower, wash basin, and laundry apart from the usage pattern. Various quantitative techniques have been used to measure pH, alkalinities, hardness, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chloride, and electrical conductivity of greywater and tap water. The study shows that greywater generated from the laundry is more polluted as compared to greywater from other sources, which is due to body fluids. The presence of food particles gives a high …level of total suspended solids in the greywater coming from the kitchen. The greywater generated from brushing has a low pollution level and lower quantity of total solids, total suspended solids and total hardness as compared to greywater from other sources. The BOD levels for the greywater samples collected are in the range of 2.5 -20.25 mg/L and their quality is also affected by the quality of tap water. These findings show that greywater generated in residential buildings of Jeddah can be reused for non-potable purposes with simple and inexpensive physical treatment at individual buildings. Show more

Keywords: Characteristics, greywater, laundry, kitchen, bath shower, wash basin

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220058

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 73-80, 2022

Authors: Fahad, Majid Jasim | Abdullah, Asaad Kadhim

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Sulphur oxide is one of the most serious problems of air pollution on the environment, especially human and plant health. This study was conducted to clarify the effect of sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) stress on some of the biochemical characteristics of tomato plant, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. The plants were exposed to three doses of SO2 (0, 5, 10 mg.m-3 ), the exposure period was inclusive to 1 and 2 hours for each day. In order to reduce the toxicity of sulphur dioxide, the plants were treated by spraying them with trehalose sugar at concentrations of 0,50 and 100 …mg.L-1 . The results of the experiment showed that increasing the concentration of SO2 as well as increasing its exposure led to an increase in the activity of enzyme antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase CAT) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Proline, Vitamin C, Lycopene), while the antioxidant activities decreased when spraying trehalose, especially at concentration 100 mg.L-1 . It also recorded a positive effect in mitigating the negative effects of sulphur dioxide stress. Show more

Keywords: Sulphur dioxide (SO2), trehalose sugar, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase POD, catalase (CAT), proline, vitamin C, lycopene

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220059

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 81-90, 2022

Authors: Venkata Rao, G. | Shiva Kumar, P. | Srinivas, K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Groundwater flow modeling is one of the important tools to know the direction and magnitude of groundwater flow along the coastal aquifer. A study carried out in the coastal belt of Srikakulam showed a region where there is a probable mixing of ground water with the sea water. In the present investigation, the ground water flow and velocity are determined by using ModFlow Software. The entire study area has been divided into small grids. The wells are identified and located in eight lines perpendicular to the coastal belt. In this investigation, 97 existing wells are selected for carrying out the …study. The distribution of the hydraulic head was estimated through a 20-year simulation. The observed results indicate that a considerable advance in seawater intrusion can be expected in the coastal aquifer of the study area. It is concluded that the average velocity of ground water in the Srikakulam coastal belt is 1.1 m/day. The results help to determine the groundwater flow channels and also help to explain the ground water recharge and flow areas in the aquifer. Show more

Keywords: Groundwater modeling, visual modflow, steady-state, hydraulic heads, ground water flow, velocity

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220060

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 91-97, 2022

Authors: Sode, Raghavendra | Chenji, Kalaa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study is to develop a framework to transform conventional businesses into sustainable businesses by understanding the motives, challenges for sustainability, and the role of HR in incorporating sustainability in the organisation. The steps of the framework include formulating the sustainability strategy, altering the systems to support sustainability, implementing the sustainability strategy, measuring sustainability, and reporting sustainable development. The framework will help organisations to transform their business models into sustainable business models.

Keywords: Formulating the sustainability strategy, altering the systems to support sustainability, implementing the sustainability strategy, measuring sustainability, and reporting of sustainable development

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220061

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 99-103, 2022

Authors: Al-Khafaji, Ansam Saad | Al-Taee, Ibtehal Aqeel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study is conducted in order to investigate the trophic state index of Euphrates River flowing through the Samawa city. The present study includes monthly samples collected from three sites (S1: before the Euphrates river enter Samawa center, S2: is located in the Centre of Samawa city, S3: is located at the south of the second site) during the period from April to September, 2020. The study included measurement of some physical and chemical parameters such as Secchi disc, Chlorophyll-a- and total phosphorus. The results showed that TSI (Chl-a) ranging between 4.97-39.39, TSI (SD) ranged between 45.94-81.84, TSI (TP) between …5.81-21.82 and CTSI between 26.18-45.87 with maximum value in September and lowest value in July. The average physiochemical parameters (+-standard deviation) were 7.32 (0.42), 2627.22 (583.94), 5.69 (1.06), 9.5 (3.43), 5.15 (2.05), 1.70 (0.96), 0.57 (0.27), 157.5 (11.69), 1323.88 (259.41), respectively for pH, EC, DO, BOD5, NO3 , NO2 , PO4 , TA, and TDS. Euphrates River is classified as mesotrophic by the CTSI. Statistical analysis showed that positive correlation (p-value 0.01) between the index and (Chl-a-, TP, SD, pH and total alkalinity) while other parameters did not have any correlation with the index. TSI can be used as a baseline for trophic comparisons between the numerous chemical and biological elements of rivers that are connected to trophic status. Show more

Keywords: Carlson’s trophic state index, Secchi disc, total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, physio-chemical parameters

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220062

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 105-111, 2022

Article Type: News

DOI: 10.3233/AJW220063

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 113-115, 2022