A review of digital watermarking techniques: Current trends, challenges and opportunities

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Singh, Balkar^{a; *} | Kasana, Geeta^b

Affiliations: [a] Post Graduate Department of Computer Science, Gujranwala Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India | [b] Computer Science and Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: The rapid progress in the transfer of information and its availability are the reasons behind the widespread use of the Internet. Document images are the most complicated and challenging category among various forms of digital data to which watermarking can be applied for its security and authentication. Watermarking of the document image is a very difficult task, since these images have very limited redundancy. Because of this factor there has been very little research in this area. A comprehensive research should be carried out to ensure the effective assessment, review as well as implementation of document image watermarking techniques. This paper reviews the existing document image watermarking by considering different evaluation parameters. Based on this review, a variety of challenges and directions have been prescribed for the development of effective watermarking techniques for document images.

Keywords: Entropy, peak-signal to noise-ratio, bit error rate, normalized hamming distance, normalized absolute error

DOI: 10.3233/WEB-230280

Journal: Web Intelligence, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 523-553, 2024