Affiliations: [a] Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| [b] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| [c] Department of Medical Psychology & Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Inez Ramakers, PhD, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Dr. Tanslaan 12, 6299 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 43 388 1025; E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract: Background:It is uncertain whether self- and proxy-reported cognitive decline in older adults reflect an actual objective cognitive dysfunction in the clinical sense, and if these are predictive for developing dementia. Objective:The aim of the present study is to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal relation between subjective cognitive decline and objective cognitive performance, depressive symptoms, and to determine the predictive value for development of dementia. Methods:We included 405 patients without dementia at first visit from the Maastricht memory clinic participating in a longitudinal cohort study. Subjective cognitive decline was measured using a self- and proxy-report questionnaire. All patients underwent a standardized neuropsychological assessment. Follow-up assessments were performed yearly for three consecutive years, and once after five years. Results:Subjective cognitive decline was associated with lower cognitive performance and more depressive symptoms. When comparing self- (n = 342, 84%) and proxy-reported decline (n = 110, 27%), it was shown that proxy reports were associated with a more widespread pattern of lower cognitive performance. In participants without cognitive impairment proxy-reported decline was not associated with depressive symptoms. In contrast, self-reported decline was associated with a stable course of depressive symptoms at follow-up. Proxy-reported cognitive decline (HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.12– 2.78), and mutual complaints (HR = 1.73, CI:1.09– 2.76) predicted incident dementia while self-reported decline did not reach statistical significance (HR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.65– 2.43). Conclusion:Proxy-reported cognitive decline was consistently associated with lower cognitive performance and conversion to dementia over 5 years. Self-reported cognitive decline in patients without cognitive impairment might indicate underlying depressive symptoms and thus deserve clinical attention as well.
