The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Disease

Article type: Review Article

Authors: Jiang, Chunmei^{a; 1} | Li, Guangning^{b; 1} | Huang, Pengru^a | Liu, Zhou^{a; *} | Zhao, Bin^{a; *}

Affiliations: [a] Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China | [b] Department of Neurology, Huadu District People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

Correspondence: [*] Correspondence to: Drs. Zhou Liu and Bin Zhao, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, South 57, Renming Ave, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P.R. China. Tel.: +86 759 2386949; E-mail [email protected].

Note: [1] Chunmei Jiang and Guangning Li have contributed equally to this paper and should be considered co-first authors.

Abstract: The gut microbiota comprises a complex community of microorganism species that resides in our gastrointestinal ecosystem and whose alterations influence not only various gut disorders but also central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD, the most common form of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with impaired cognition and cerebral accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ). Most notably, the microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that is not fully understood, but includes neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways. Studies in germ-free animals and in animals exposed to pathogenic microbial infections, antibiotics, probiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation suggest a role for the gut microbiota in host cognition or AD-related pathogenesis. The increased permeability of the gut and blood-brain barrier induced by microbiota dysbiosis may mediate or affect AD pathogenesis and other neurodegenerative disorders, especially those associated with aging. In addition, bacteria populating the gut microbiota can secrete large amounts of amyloids and lipopolysaccharides, which might contribute to the modulation of signaling pathways and the production of proinflammatory cytokines associated with the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, imbalances in the gut microbiota can induce inflammation that is associated with the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and AD. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the current findings that may elucidate the role of the gut microbiota in the development of AD. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may provide new insights into novel therapeutic strategies for AD.

Keywords: Aging, Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid, amyloid beta-peptides, blood-brain barrier, dysbiosis, gut microbiota, lipopolysaccharides, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161141

Journal: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2017