Affiliations: [a] Clinical Neurochemistry and National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence Research Laboratories, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany | [b] Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duesseldorf, Germany | [c] Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Germany | [d] Netherlands Brain Bank, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | [e] Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany
Correspondence:
[*]
Address for correspondence: Christian P. Jacob, M.D., Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Fuchsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany. Tel.: +49 931 201 77810; Fax: +49 931 201 77840; E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Excitatory neurotransmitter dysfunction has been discussed to be involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current study we investigated gene and protein expression patterns of glutamatergic receptors and transporters in brains of AD patients in various stages of disease using gene chip arrays, real time PCR and immunohistochemistry. We found marked impairment in the expression of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT1 and EAAT 2) at both gene and protein levels in hippocampus and gyrus frontalis medialis of AD patients, already in early clinical stages of disease. The loss of EAAT immunoreactivity was particularly obvious in the vicinity of amyloid plaques. In contrast, EAAT expression was up-regulated in the cerebellum of these patients. Furthermore, a significant up-regulation of the glutamatergic kainate (GRIK4) receptor observed by gene arrays was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR in late stages in the hippocampus of AD patients. Moreover, there were down-regulations of other glutamatergic receptors such as NMDA (GRINL1A) and AMPA (GRIA4) receptors. Our data show marked changes in the functional elements of the glutamatergic synapses such as glutamatergic receptors and transporters and indicate impaired glutamate clearing rendering neurons susceptible to excess extracellular glutamate and support further the involvement of excitotoxic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD.
