Exposure to Extremist Online Content Could Lead to Violent Radicalization:A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence

Issue title: Developmental Pathways towards Violent Left-, Right-Wing, Islamist Extremism and Radicalization

Guest editors: Herbert Scheithauer, Vincenz Leuschner, Nils Böckler, Babak Akhgar and Holger Nitsch

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Hassan, Ghayda^{a; *} | Brouillette-Alarie, Sébastien^b | Alava, Séraphin^c | Frau-Meigs, Divina^d | Lavoie, Lysiane^a | Fetiu, Arber^e | Varela, Wynnpaul^f | Borokhovski, Evgueni^f | Venkatesh, Vivek^f | Rousseau, Cécile^g | Sieckelinck, Stijn^h

Affiliations: [a] University of Quebec in Montreal, Canada | [b] Laval University, Canada | [c] University of Toulouse II Jean Jaures, France | [d] University Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3, France | [e] University of Montreal, Canada | [f] Concordia University, Canada | [g] McGill University, Canada | [h] Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Correspondence: [*] Address for correspondence: Ghayda Hassan, Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, PO Box 8888 Downtown Station, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada. E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: The main objective of this systematic review is to synthesize the empirical evidence on how the Internet and social media may, or may not, constitute spaces for exchange that can be favorable to violent extremism. Of the 5,182 studies generated from the searches, 11 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We considered empirical studies with qualitative, quantitative, and mixed designs, but did not conduct meta-analysis due to the heterogeneous and at times incomparable nature of the data. The reviewed studies provide tentative evidence that exposure to radical violent online material is associated with extremist online and offline attitudes, as well as the risk of committing political violence among white supremacist, neo-Nazi, and radical Islamist groups. Active seekers of violent radical material also seem to be at higher risk of engaging in political violence as compared to passive seekers. The Internet’s role thus seems to be one of decision-shaping, which, in association with offline factors, can be associated to decision-making. The methodological limitations of the reviewed studies are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research.

Keywords: Online violent radicalization, Internet, social media, extremist online content, systematic review

DOI: 10.3233/DEV-170233

Journal: International Journal of Developmental Science, vol. 12, no. 1-2, pp. 71-88, 2018