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Article type: Research Article
Authors: Hochwälder, Jacek
Affiliations: Stockholm Centre of Public Health, Stockholm, Sweden. Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
Note: [] Address for correspondence: Jacek Hochwälder, Unit of Mental Health, Stockholm Centre of Public Health, P.O. Box 175 33, SE – 118 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The relation between empowerment and burnout was investigated using a two-wave and two-variable panel model. A questionnaire was completed on two occasions, one year apart, by 1,356 nurses. The paths in the model were estimated using regression analyses and the following results were obtained: (a) empowerment is a stable state; (b) higher levels of empowerment are related to lower levels of burnout, when empowerment and burnout are studied at the same point in time; (c) higher prior levels of empowerment can be associated with higher later levels of burnout, when empowerment and burnout are studied at different points in time; (d) for assistant nurses, but not for registered nurses, prior higher levels of burnout resulted in lower later levels of empowerment, indicating a reciprocal relation between the two concepts. The results imply that what is a protective factor from a cross-sectional perspective may be a risk factor from a longitudinal perspective.
Keywords: Empowerment, burnout, longitudinal study, nurses
Journal: Work, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 343-352, 2008
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