Affiliations: [a] Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal | [b] Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA | [c] College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA | Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author: George Perry, Ph.D., College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 North Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, TX 78249-0661, USA. Tel.: +1 210 458 4450; Fax: +1 210 458 4445; E-mail: [email protected].
Note: [] Handling editor: Dengshun Wang
Abstract: In this study, we evaluated the effect of lipoic acid (LA) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on oxidative [4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine and heme oxygenase-1] and apoptotic (caspase 9 and Bax) markers in fibroblasts from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and age-matched and young controls. AD fibroblasts showed the highest levels of oxidative stress, and the antioxidants, lipoic acid (1 mM) and/or N-acetyl cysteine (100 µM) exerted a protective effect as evidenced by decreases in oxidative stress and apoptotic markers. Furthermore, we observed that the protective effect of LA and NAC was more pronounced when both agents were present simultaneously. AD-type changes could be generated in control fibroblasts using N-methylprotoporphyrin to inhibit cytochrome oxidase assembly indicating that the the oxidative damage observed was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The effects of N-methylprotoporphyrine were reversed or attenuated by both lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine. These data suggest mitochondria are important in oxidative damage that occurs in AD. As such, antioxidant therapies based on lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine supplementation may be promising.
